The increased ability to present citrullinated peptides is not unique to HLA-SE molecules: arginine-to-citrulline conversion also enhances peptide affinity for HLA-DQ molecules

BACKGROUND Presentation of citrullinated neo-epitopes by HLA-DRB1 molecules that carry the shared epitope (SE) sequence was proposed to explain the association between HLA and seropositive RA. Although it is shown that several HLA-DRB1-SE molecules display enhanced binding affinities for citrullinated ligands, the ability of other HLA molecules to present citrullinated epitopes has not been investigated in a systematic manner. To better understand the HLA-RA connection, we aimed to investigate if the enhanced capacity to present arginine-to-citrulline-converted peptides is unique for HLA-SE alleles. METHODS We selected four HLA molecules (one HLA-DR and three HLA-DQ molecules) that could potentially prefer citrulline over arginine residues in specific pockets and in addition two HLA-SE alleles as a method validation control. The affinity of peptides containing arginine/citrulline residues at positions interacting with the various peptide-binding pockets was compared by HLA class II peptide affinity assays. RESULTS Pocket 4 of HLA-DRB1*04:04 and -DRB1*04:05 displayed a preference for citrulline over arginine, a property found in other pockets as well. HLA-DRB1*03:01 did not display an enhanced affinity for peptides containing a citrulline. In contrast, several peptide-binding pockets of the analyzed HLA-DQ molecules showed enhanced affinities for citrulline compared to arginine residues: i.e., pockets 4, 6, 7, and 9 of HLA-DQ2 and pockets 1, 6, and 9 of HLA-DQ7 and HLA-DQ8. CONCLUSIONS Arginine-to-citrulline conversion of peptides can also enhance the binding affinity for non-HLA-SE molecules. Hence the capacity to present citrullinated neo-epitopes is not confined to HLA-SE molecules, opening the possibility that also other HLA molecules could potentiate a possible breach of T cell tolerance toward citrullinated antigens.